HTS has its origins in al-Qaeda but, in recent years, has actively tried to rebrand itself as a nationalist force, distant from its jihadist past and intent on removing Assad.
As fighters marched to Damascus earlier this month, its leaders spoke about building a Syria for all Syrians. It is, however, still described as a terrorist organisation by the US, the UK, the UN and others, including Turkey, which backs some Syrian rebels.
The group took control of most of this region, home to 4.5 million people, in 2017, bringing stability after years of civil war.
The administration, known as the Salvation Government, runs water and electricity distribution, garbage collection and road pavement.
Taxes collected from businesses, farmers and crossings with Turkey fund its public services – as well as its military operations.
“Under Assad, they used to say that Idlib was the forgotten city,” said Dr Hamza Almoraweh, a cardiologist, as he treated patients in a hospital set up in an old post office warehouse.
He moved from Aleppo with his wife in 2015 when the war there intensified, but was not planning to return, even with the city under rebel control.
“We’ve seen a lot of development here. Idlib has a lot of things that it didn’t have under the Assad regime.”
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